ESPE Yearbook of Paediatric Endocrinology

This year was significant for several articles that shed light on the genetics of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) in children. Rapidly emerging genomics tools enable study of large cohorts, identifying the genetic predisposition to obesity and T2DM, and understanding mechanisms of how these genes impact insulin secretion and resistance. Even in the genomic era, it is not genes alone, but the interplay of genetic and environmental factors that determines phenotype. The importance of remission of childhood overweight on the risk of T2DM in adulthood indicates the need of early weight-loss interventions. The discovery of new hormones connects obesity and the metabolic syndrome (MetS), and a fish model helps us further understand insulin resistance. The effect of ‘superfoods’ on parameters of the MetS was reviewed this year. Finally, regarding lipids, many pediatricians still do not recognize the importance of lipid screening and treatment in children. Data of the beneficial effects of statins, as well as the lack of negative impact on cognitive impairment of low LDL, will hopefully promote embracing the guidelines of early screening.