ESPE Yearbook of Paediatric Endocrinology

Preface: In the past 12 months, the search for “Differences of Sexual Development” or “disorders of sex development“ or “ambiguous genitalia” or “gonadal development” or “DSD” in PubMed yielded 625 publications. A similar search for gender incongruence revealed > 325 papers on a search between “transgender and hormones”. Among those, 16 are summarized in this chapter. The selection process has been very challenging given the space available but we prioritized the key publications chosen on the quality of methodology, the significance of the outcome, and particularly the impact on clinical practice. We have endeavored to balance basic research and clinical articles. We hope these selected publications will help with understanding and improve both knowledge and the clinical care of patients.