ESPE Yearbook of Paediatric Endocrinology

To read the full abstract: Lancet 2017; 390(10113):2627-2642Over the past 10 years, the prevalence of Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) has increased disproportionately in Africa, South East Asia, the Middle East and the Asia Pacific region. Interestingly, although we need more studies investigating the prevalence of T2DM in Latin America, the prevalence of T2DM in youth living in these countries do...

To read the full abstract: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018;115:E832-E840Women live longer than men in nearly all modern populations. They can expect to live longer than men almost anywhere in the world. This pervasive inequality has intrigued researchers for decades, and many conclude that the gap has biological foundations, which are modulated by social and environmental conditions.<p class=...

Brief Summary: This study identifies the role of the Dlk1 gene dosage in controlling the size of the pituitary gland. Dlk1 is an imprinted gene—expression is based on parental origin—which plays a critical role in determining pituitary gland size.The authors investigated how varying the dosage of Dlk1 affects pituitary size using genetically modified mice. Elegantly both, loss-of-function and overexpression of Dlk...

Brief Summary: This longitudinal study describes the long-term effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on early childhood development. The results clearly show that prenatal alcohol exposure impairs growth and IGF-1 levels in children, highlighting the need for public health interventions to prevent alcohol consumption during pregnancy, especially in low-resource settings.This study assessed the long-term consequences of prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) on e...

Brief Summary: This case series describes the effect of recombinant human IGF-1 (rhIGF-1) administration on growth of three siblings with STAT5B homozygous recessive mutations.The peripheral effects of GH are primarily mediated by IGF-I through the activation of the GH receptor (GHR)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)-5B signaling. Patients carrying STAT5B mutations have severe postnatal growth failure and IGF-I deficiency a...

Brief Summary: This clinical cross-sectional study provides new data on the neurodevelopmental aspects of Klinefelter syndrome (KS). It investigated the brain activation patterns in 43 adolescent males with KS (mean age 12.3±2.3 years) compared to an age-matched typically-developing (n=41) control group during the go/no-go task, an executive function assessment. Behavioral assessment tests, and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) were used....

Brief Summary: This experimental study used positron emission tomography (PET) as non-invasive method to monitor stem cells-islet grafts. [18F]exendin and [18F]FDOPA PET showed potential as non-invasive methods to assess stem cells-islet graft size and aspects of graft composition.Stem cell-derived islets (SC-islets) are used as an emerging cell replacement therapy for insulin-dependent diabetes (1). Non-invasive long-term monitorin...

Brief Summary: This retrospective study analyzed data from real-world users of the MiniMed™ 780G System. Hybrid closed-loop algorithms have proven to be successful in achieving glycemic goals in people with diabetes. This performance has been consistently observed in various age groups and geographic areas.After the introduction of the first commercial automated insulin systems in 2016, the number and variety of these devices expanded rapidly (1). T...

Sci Rep. 2020 Dec 9; 10: 21507. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33299020/This cross-sectional study of 246 childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (cALL) survivors aimed to analyze the relationships between various blood biomarkers and cardiovascular risk, and to test the link between endotoxemia and cardiometabolic complications. A high leptin-adiponectin ratio was associated with obesity, ...

Science 2021;372(6544): 808–814 doi: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf7958Isreali et al. describe the molecular structure of the melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) complexed with its effector G protein (Gs alpha) and setmelanotide, a pharmacological agonist of MC4R.MC4R is a known key element in body weight regulation, connecting response to leptin with inhibition o...