ESPE Yearbook of Paediatric Endocrinology

To read the full abstract: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017;102:4578-4587In chronic inflammatory diseases, inflammatory cytokines and exogenous glucocorticoid exposure affect growth through systemic effects on the GH–IGF-1 axis and local effects on the growth plates. Low plasma IGF-1 levels are related to systemic GH insufficiency or to hepatic GH resistance. Changes in IGF binding proteins ha...

To read the full abstract: Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2018; 6:69-80The prevalence of T2DM in youth is increasing dramatically worldwide, but the bulk of the increase is expected to take place in Africa, South East Asia and South America. Although genetic factors may seem to be the obvious reason for such geographical differences, a careful analysis of the existing literature suggests that...

Brief summary: This study further explores the sex differences in autoimmune regulation and the control of normal inflammatory responses, and also helps us understand why there are sex differences in the aetiology of autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). It demonstrates the changes that occur in cisgender pubertal development on the T regulatory cell (Treg), B cell and monocyte population, and using samples from transgender adolescents undergoing GnRH...

Brief summary: This Iranian open label, quasi-experimental and matched controlled clinical trial included 59 girls with stage III–IV chronic kidney disease (CKD), short stature and delayed puberty. Patients were treated with GH (mean dose 0.05 mg/kg/day) and Ethinyl Estradiol (EE). Initial EE dose was 5 μg/day orally, doubled every 3–6 months to a maximum dose before growth plate closure 30 μg/day, and then increased gradually up to 500 μg/day. EE ther...

Brief summary: This single-centre retrospective study evaluated cortisol responses during febrile episodes in children with cancer. Low cortisol responses were common and were unrelated to current steroid therapy.Random serum cortisol and ACTH were measured in 75 children and adolescents with cancer while admitted for fever during chemotherapy; 47/75 patients received glucocorticoids as part of their treatment (steroid group). A low cortisol response (LC...

In Brief: The authors analysed data from the nationwide Child and Adolescent Twin Study in Sweden (CATSS) to estimate the heritability of avoidant restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) as defined by DSM-5 criteria. Of the 16 951 twin pairs born between 1992 and 2010, 682 (2.0%) children were identified to have ARFID. By modelling shared risk in monozygous compared to dizygous twin pairs, they estimated the heritability of ARFID as 79% (95%CI, 70–85).<...

Brief Summary: This study examined the regulation of thyroid hormone (TH) levels by thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) neurons located in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus in fed and fasted mice. It focused on the role of agouti-related peptide (AgRP)/neuropeptide Y (NPY) neurons in the arcuate nucleus.Using chemogenetic activation in mice, the authors demonstrated that TRH neurons play a direct role in regulating the hypothalamic-pi...

Brief Summary: This translational study identifies significant shifts in bile acid composition associated with puberty in female adolescents and rats and identifies a new mechanism of GnRH secretion regulation by bile acid.Metabolic cues regulate the reactivation of the GnRH system at puberty. The last few years have identified leptin, ghrelin and essential fatty acids as permissive or inhibitory cues regulating GnRH neuron activity1-4. The ef...

Brief Summary: This retrospective cohort study assessed whether estimated treatment gonadotoxicity and posttreatment menstrual patterns are associated with higher infertility risk perception in a group of survivors of adolescent or young adult cancer (age 15-39 years).Participants reported their menstrual pattern and infertility risk perception and were categorized as increased risk (feeling less fertile or unable to become pregnant) or no increased risk...

Brief Summary: This retrospective study evaluated the risk and clinicopathological features of second primary thyroid cancer (SPTC) in cancer survivors. The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program collected cancer incidence and mortality data from 8 population-based registries. They identified 7066 patients with SPTC and 83,113 patients with primary thyroid cancer (TC). The standardized incidence ratio (SIR) of SPTC in cancer survivors was higher than in the...