ISSN 1662-4009 (online)

ey0018.8-15 | New Paradigms | ESPEYB18

8.15. Metformin inhibits the activation of melanocortin receptors 2 and 3 in vitro: A possible mechanism for its anti-androgenic and weight balancing effects in vivo?

S Parween , S Rihs , CE Fluck

J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2020; 200:105684.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32360359/In this mouse cell model, the authors show that metformin appears to directly inhibit signaling of MC2R (the ACTH receptor) and also MC3R.Metformin is used to treat type 2 diabetes and obesity, and may reduce the androgen excess in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) or conge...

ey0017.15-4 | (1) | ESPEYB17

15.4. Neonatal, infant, and childhood growth following metformin versus insulin treatment for gestational diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis

JL Tarry-Adkins , CE Aiken , SE Ozanne

To read the full abstract: PLoS Med. 2019 Aug 6;16(8):e1002848. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002848.This systematic review identified 28 randomised trials (n =3976 women) of metformin vs. insulin for treatment for gestational diabetes. Metformin use was associated with lower birth weights (overall mean difference −107.7 g), lower ponderal indices, and lower odds of macros...

ey0020.6-13 | Reviews | ESPEYB20

6.13. Development and function of the fetal adrenal

E Pignatti , T du Toit , CE Fluck

Brief summary: This review covers the recent advances in the understanding of fetal adrenal development and the interplay with the feto-placental unit. A short overview of related adrenal disorders is presented. The effect of other hormone systems is also discussed and the reliability of using rodent models to study adrenal pathophysiology.Structural development of the fetal adrenal and its transition to the adult organ: There are differ...

ey0015.12-2 | New Paradigm | ESPEYB15

12.2 Childhood BMI and Adult Type 2 Diabetes, Coronary Artery Diseases, Chronic Kidney Disease, and Cardiometabolic Traits: A Mendelian Randomization Analysis

T Geng , CE Smith , C Li , T Huang

To read the full abstract: Diabetes Care 2018;41:1089-1096These findings show that a 1-SD increase in childhood BMI was associated with a 47–83% increased relative risk of T2DM and a 28% increased relative risk of CAD in adult life, yet childhood BMI was not associated with adult chronic kidney disease. This is the first study to examine the causal relationship between childhood BMI and cardio-...

ey0019.8-6 | Important for Clinical Practice | ESPEYB19

8.6. Characteristics of growth in children with classic Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency during adrenarche and beyond

T Troger , G Sommer , M Lang-Muritano , D Konrad , B Kuhlmann , U Zumsteg , CE Fluck

J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2022; 107(2): e487-e499. PMID: 34599587https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34599587/Brief Summary: This study describes the growth of adequately treated children with classical Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency during adrenarche and beyond. Patients with and without significant bone age advancement, and thus differing height prediction...

ey0019.8-18 | Food for Thought | ESPEYB19

8.18. Associations between testosterone, estradiol, and androgen receptor genotype with amygdala subregions in adolescents

CE Campbell , AF Mezher , JM Tyszka , BJ Nagel , SP Eckel , MM Herting

Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2022; 137: 105604. PMID: 34971856https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34971856/Brief Summary: This study evaluated the associations between the amygdala total and sub-region volumes in relation to sex hormones – estradiol and free testosterone – as a function of age and genetic differences in androgen receptor sensitivity in 297 adolescents. It provides new kno...

ey0019.10-13 | Pathogenesis | ESPEYB19

10.13. Human islet T cells are highly reactive to preproinsulin in type 1 diabetes

AM Anderson , LG Landry , AA Alkanani , L Pyle , AC Powers , MA Atkinson , CE Mathews , BO Roep , AW Michels , M Nakayama

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2021 Oct 12;118(41):e2107208118. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34611019/Brief Summary: This in vitro study explored the reactivity to preproinsulin of CD8 T cells obtained from pancreatic islets of individuals with and without type 1 diabetes (T1D). The main finding was that CD8 T cells from T1D donors were highly reactive to peptides throughout the entire prepro...

ey0019.15-9 | Assorted Conditions | ESPEYB19

15.9. Genetic insights into biological mechanisms governing human ovarian ageing

KS Ruth , FR Day , J Hussain , A Martinez-Marchal , CE Aiken , A Azad , DJ Thompson , et al.

Nature. 2021;596(7872):393-7. doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-03779-7.PubMed ID: 34349265Brief summary: This study analysed genome-wide association array (GWAS) data on ~200 000 women of European ancestry to identify 290 separate genetic signals associated with normal variation in age at natural menopause (ANM). Experimental alterations of key identified genes in mouse models confirmed their impac...

ey0015.3-12 | Pediatric thyroid cancer | ESPEYB15

3.12 Thyroid nodules in pediatric patients: sonographic characteristics and likelihood of cancer

DM Richman , CB Benson , PM Doubilet , HE Peters , SA Huang , E Asch , AJ Wassner , JR Smith , CE Cherella , MC Frates

To read the full abstract: Radiology 2018:171170Current American Thyroid Association (ATA) guidelines recommend the application of adult ultrasound criteria to classify thyroid nodules in children and adolescents1. However, few studies have evaluated the sonographic and demographic features that could predict malignancy in a large cohort of young patients with thyroid nodules.</p...

ey0020.6-9 | New Concerns | ESPEYB20

6.9. Leukocyte telomere length in children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia

C Raftopoulou , O Abawi , G Sommer , M Binou , G Paltoglou , CE Fluck , ELT van den Akker , E Charmandari

Brief summary: This prospective observational cohort study determined leukocyte telomere length (LTL) in 76 patients with genetically confirmed CAH (83% classic CAH). LTL was shorter in patients with classic vs nonclassic CAH, in overtreated than in optimally treated patients, and patients receiving prednisolone compared with hydrocortisone.Telomeres are tandem repeats of a noncoding hexameric nucleotide sequence (5′-TTAGGG-3′) located at the...